Chapter 9: Formatted Input/Output
=================================
* All input and output is performed with streams - sequences of
characters organized into lines.
* Each line consists of zero or more characters and ends with the
newline character.
* When program execution begins, three streams are connected to the
program automatically.
1. Standard input stream: is connected to the keyboard
2. Standard output stream: is connected to the screen
3. Standard error stream: is connected to the screen for error
messages.
* Operating system often allow these streams to be redirected to
other devices.

Formatting Output and Printf
----------------------------
* Every "printf" call contains a format control string that describes
the output format.
* The format control string consists of:
1. conversion specifiers (begins with a percent sign and ends
with a conversion specifier).
2. flags
3. field widths
4. precisions
5. literal characters
* The "printf" function has the form:
printf(format-control-string, other arguments);
* The format-control-string describes the output format, and
other-arguments(optional) correspond to each conversion specification
in the format-control-string.

Printing Integers
-----------------
d Display a signed decimal integer.
i Display a signed decimal integer (different with "d"
with "scanf").
o Display an unsigned octal integer.
u Display an unsigned decimal integer.
x or X Display an unsigned hexadecimal integer (x for a-f
and X for A-F).
h or l Place before any integer conversion specifier to
indicate that a short or long integer is displayed
respectively.
* E.g.
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
printf("%d\n", 455);
printf("%i\n", 455);
printf("%d\n", +455);
printf("%d\n", -455);
printf("%hd\n", 32000);
printf("%ld\n", 2000000000);
printf("%o\n", 455);
printf("%u\n", 455);
printf("%u\n", 455);
printf("%x\n", 455);
printf("%X\n", 455);
}

Printing Floating-Point Numbers
-------------------------------
e or E Display a floating-point value in exponential
notation.
f Display floating-point values.
g or G Display a floating-point value in either the floating-
point form "f" or the exponential form "e" (or "E").
L Place before any floating-point conversion specifier
to indicate that a "long double" floating-point value
is displayed.
* Values printed with the conversion specifiers "e", "E", and "f" are
output with 6 digits of precision to the right of the decimal point by
default.
* "f" always prints at least one digit to the left of the decimal
point.
* "e" and "E" always print exactly one digit to the left of the
decimal point.
* e.g.
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
printf("%e\n", 1234567.89);
printf("%e\n", +1234567.89);
printf("%e\n", -1234567.89);
printf("%E\n", 1234567.89);
printf("%f\n", 1234567.89);
printf("%g\n", 1234567.89);
printf("%G\n", 1234567.89);
}

Printing Strings and Characters
-------------------------------
* Conversion specifier "c" requires a "char" argument.
* Conversion specifier "s" requires a pointer to "char" as an
argument.
* Conversion specifier "s" casuses characters to be printed until a
terminating "NULL" ('\0').
* E.g.
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
char character = 'A';
char string[] = "This is a string;
char *stringPtr = "This is also a string";

printf("%c\n", character);
printf("%s\n", "This is a string");
printf("%s\n", string);
printf("%s\n",stringPtr);
return 0;
}

Other Conversion Specifiers
---------------------------
p Display a pointer value in an implementation defined
manner.
n Store the number of characters already output in the
current "printf" statement. A pointer of an integer is
supplied as the corresponding argument. Nothing is
displayed.
% Display the percent character.
* E.g.
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int *ptr;
int x = 12345, y;

ptr = &x;
printf("The value of ptr is %p\n", ptr);
printf("The address of x is %p\n\n", &x);

printf("Total characters printed on this line is: %n",
&y);
printf(" %d\n\n", y);
y = printf("This line has 28 charcters.");
printf("%d characters were printed\n\n", y);

printf("Printing a %% in a format control string\n");
return 0;
}


Printing with Field Widths and Precisions
-----------------------------------------
* If the field width is larger than the data being printed, the data
will normally be right-justified within that field.
* An integer representing the field width is inserted between the
percent sign (%) and the conversion specifier in the conversion
specification.
* The field width is automatically increased to print values wider
than the field, and the minus sign for a negative value uses one
character position in the field width.
* E.g.
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
printf("%4d\n", 1);
printf("%4d\n", 12);
printf("%4d\n", 123);
printf("%4d\n", 1234);
printf("%4d\n\n", 12345);

printf("%4d\n", -1);
printf("%4d\n", -12);
printf("%4d\n", -123);
printf("%4d\n", -1234);
printf("%4d\n", -12345);

return 0;
}

* Precision meanings for different data types:
integer The minimum number of digits to be printed.
Zero are prefixed to the printed value until
the total number of digits is equivalent to
the precision.
floating-point The number of digits to appear after the
(e, E, and f) decimal point.
floating-point The maximum number of significant digits to be
(g and G) printed.
string (s) The maximum number of characters to be written
from the string
* To use precision, place a decimal point (.) followed by an integer
representing the precision between the percent sign and the conversion
specifier.
* E.g.
printf("%.4d\n\t%.9d\n\n", i, i);
* When a floating-point value is printed with a precision smaller than
the original number of decimal places in the value, the value is
rounded.
* E.g.
printf("%9.3f", 123.456789);

* It is possible to specify the field width and the precision using
integer expressions in the argument list following the format control
string.
* E.g.
printf("%*.*f", 7, 2, 98.736);

Using Flags in the Printf Format COntrol String
-----------------------------------------------
* Function "printf" also provides flags to supplement its output
formatting capabilities.
- Left-justify the output within the specified field
+ Display a plus sign preceding positive values and a
minus sign preceding negative values.
space Print a space before a positive value not printed with
the "+" flag.
# Prefix "0" to the output value when used with the
octal conversion specifier "o".
Prefix "0x" or "0X" to the output value when used with
the hexadecimal conversion specifiers "x" and "X".
Force a decimal point for a floating-point number
printed with "e", "E", "f", "g" or "G" that does not
contain a fractional part. For "g" and "G" specifiers,
tailing zeros are not eliminated.
0 Pad a field with leading zeros.
* To use a flag in a format control string, place the flag immediately
to the right of the percent sign.
* Several flags may be combined in one conversion specification.
* E.g.
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
printf("%10s%10d%10c%10f\n\n", "hello", 7, 'a', 1.23);
printf("%-10s%-10d%-10c%-10f\n\n", "hello", 7, 'a', 1.23);
return 0;
}

* E.g.
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
printf("%d\n%d\n", 786, -786);
printf("%+d\n%+d\n", 786, -786);
return 0;
}
* E.g.
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
printf("% d\n% d\n", 547 -547);
return 0;
}
* E.g.
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int c = 1427;
float p = 1427.0

printf("%#o\n", c);
printf("%#x\n", c);
printf("%#X\n", c);
printf("%g\n", p);
printf("%#g\n", p);
return 0;
}
* E.g.
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
printf("%+09d", 452);
printf("%09d", 452);
return 0;
}

Printing Literals and Escape Sequences
--------------------------------------
* Various control characters must be represented by escape sequences.
* An escape sequence is represented by a backslash (\) followed by a
particular escape character.
\' Output the single quote (') character.
\" Output the double quote (") character.
\? Output the question mark (?) character.
\\ Output the backslash (\) character.
\a Cause an audible (bell) or visual alert.
\b Move the cursor back one position on the current line.
\f Move the cursor to the start of the next logical page.
\n Move the cursor to the beginning of the next line.
\r Move the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
\t Move the cursor to the next horizontal tab position.
\v Move the cursor to the next vertical tab position.

Formatting Input with Scanf
---------------------------
* Every "scanf" statement contains a format control string that
describes the format of the data to be input.
* The "scanf" function is written in the following form:
scanf(format-control-string, other-arguments);
Integers
d Read an optionally signed decimal integer
i Read an optionally signed decimal, octal, or
hexadecimal integer.
o Read an octal (unsigned) integer.
u Read an unsigned decimal integer.
x or X Read a hexadecimal (unsigned) integer.
h or l Place before any of the integer conversion specifiers
to indicate that a "short" or "long" integer is to be
input.
Floating-point numbers
e, E, f, g, Read a floating-point value.
or G
l or L Place before any of the floating-point conversion
specifiers to indicate that a "double" or "long
double" value is to be input.
Characters and strings
c Read a character. No null ('\0') is added.
s Read a string.
Scan set
[scan char] Scan a string for a set of characters that are stored
in an array.
Miscellaneous
p Read a pointer address
n Store the number of characters input so far
% Skip a percent sign (%) in the input
*E.g.
/* Try -70 -70 070 0x70 70 70 70 */
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int a, b, c, d, e, f, g;
printf("Enter seven integers: ");
scanf("%d%i%i%i%o%u%x", &a, &b, &c, &d, &e, &f, &g);
printf("The input displayed as decimal integers is: \n");
printf("%d %d %d %d %d %d %d\n", &a, &b, &c, &d, &e,
&f, &g);
return 0;
}
* E.g.
/* Try 1.27987 1.27987e+03 3.38476e-06 */
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
float a, b, c;
printf("Enter three floating-point numbers: \n");
scanf("%e%f%g", &a, &b, &c);
printf("Here are the numbers entered in plain\n");
printf("floating-point notation:\n");
printf("%f %f %f \n", a, b, c);
return 0;
}
* E.g.
/* Try Sunday */
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
char x, y[9];
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf("%c%s", &x, y);

printf("The input was:\n");
printf("the character \"%c\" ", x);
printf("and the string \"%s\"\n", y);
return 0;
}
* E.g
/* Try ooeeooahah */
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
char z[9];
printf("Enter string: ");
scanf("%[aeiou]", z);
printf("The input was \"%s\"\n", z);
return 0;
}
* E.g.
/* Try String */
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
char z[9];
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf("%[^aeiou]", z);
printf("The input was \"%s\"\n", z);
return 0;
}
* E.g.
/* Try 123456 */
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int x, y;
printf("Enter a six digit integer: ");
scanf("%2d%d", &x, &y);
printf("The integers input were %d and %d\n", x, y);
return 0;
}
* E.g.
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int month1, day1, year1, month2, day2, year2;
printf("Enter a date in the form mm-dd-yy: ");
scanf("%d%*c%d%*c%d", &month1, &day1, & year1);
printf("month = %d day = %d year = %d\n\n", month1, day1,
year1);

printf("Enter a date in the form mm/dd/yy: ");
scanf("%d%*c%d%*c%d", &month2, & day2, & year2);
printf("month = %d day = %d year = %d\n\n", month2, day2,
year2);
}
* "scanf" provides the assignment suppression character "*", which
enables "scanf" to read any type of data from the input and discard it
without assigning it to a variable.